1. Research Methodology

1.1 Introduction to Research – Features, nature and process of scientific research; Basic and applied research; Quantitative and qualitative research; Role of research in economics and management.

1.2 Steps in Research – Literature review-sources of the literature, phases in the review, and format of review presentation; Data analysis, Problem definition; Theoretical framework – propositions, concepts, constructs, and variables; Hypothesis formulation.

1.3 Research Design – Research design; Types of design – exploratory, descriptive, developmental, explanatory, survey and action research; Measurement and scaling – construction of attitude scales; Reliability and validity of measurement.

1.4 Sampling – Sampling design; Sampling process; Types of sampling – probability and non-probability; determining the sample size; Sampling Vs non-sampling errors and the methods of minimizing such errors.

1.5 Data Collection – Classification of primary and secondary data; Questionnaire – contents, design, and administration; Research interviews – personal and telephone; Direct observation; online research; Fieldwork management.

1.6 Data Analysis – Preparing and presenting data; Summarizing data – graphs and charts; Statistical analysis – descriptive and inferential, parametric and nonparametric; Analysis of qualitative data.

1.7 Research Proposal – Purposes; Types; structuring the research proposal – contents and formats; evaluating the research proposal.

1.8 Research Report – Presentation of a research report; Types of report; Report process; Formats and styles of report writing; Uses of citations and references.